Data and files created by one vendor's apps could not function with other vendor solutions because some BIM software developers have built proprietary data structures into their programme. Neutral, non-proprietary, or open standards for sharing Building Information Modelling data among various software programmes have been established in order to achieve interoperability between applications. Inefficient software interoperability has long been seen as a barrier to BIM adoption in general and industry efficiency in particular. According to a report from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) published in August 2004, the US capital facilities industry loses $15.8 billion annually because of insufficient interoperability brought on by "the industry's highly fragmented nature, its continued use of paper-based business practises, a lack of standardisation, and inconsistent technology adoption among participants."
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